Tuesday, August 21, 2012

What is the significance of HLA-DR antigen expression in the extraglomerular mesangium in glomerulonephritis.

The HLA-DR antigen is a HLA class II molecule involved in the presentation of antigenic peptides to the T cell receptor, thus regulating the immune response. Renal expression of the HLA-DR antigen may indicate specific sites of immunologically-mediated kidney injury in glomerulonephritis (GN). The aim of our study was to assess the presence of the HLA-DR antigen along the nephron including the extraglomerular mesangium in GN. A cross-sectional study of 22 patients with glomerulonephritis, mean age: 46.59±10.77 years, 14 male and 8 female, was conducted. Conventional stains, as well as immunohistochemistry for the HLA-DR Antigen Alpha-Chain were employed on kidney biopsies. Immunohistochemistry was assessed using a semi-quantitative score: 0-absent, 1-mild, 2-moderate, 3-intense. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS17. Four patients presented Focal and Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), 5 patients: membranoproliferative GN, 7 patients: membranous nephropathy, 3 patients: mesangial proliferative GN, 2 patients: minimal change disease (MCD), and 1 patient: crescentic GN. Regarding the percentage of cases with HLA-DR positive cells along the nephron out of 22 patients: glomerular endothelial cells were 100% positive, intraglomerular mesangium cells were 81.8% positive, podocytes were 36.4% positive, extraglomerular mesangium cells were 31.8% positive, proximal tubule cells were 95.5% positive, distal tubule cells were 68.2% positive, interstitial capillaries were 77.3% positive, and cells of interstitial infiltrates were 27.3% positive. The percentage of cases staining positively for the HLA-DR antigen in the extraglomerular mesangium was 25% in FSGS, 60% in membranoproliferative GN, 0% in membranous nephropathy, 33.3% in mesangial proliferative GN, 100% in minimal change disease and 0% in crescentic GN.A prominent HLA-DR antigen distribution was found on glomerular endothelial cells, intraglomerular mesangium cells and proximal and distal tubular cells. Extraglomerular mesangium cells and podocytes stained variably for the HLA-DR antigen, as did the cells of the interstitial infiltrates. The extraglomerular mesangium which serves as a portal of entry into the intraglomerular mesangium is endowed with antigen-presenting capabilities and is a region where induction of immune reactions could take place (read more)
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  1. InFebruary 2017, my immune system was not functioning correctly and my primarycare physician did a N.A.E.T. Treatment with Laser Acupuncture andAuricular Acupuncture to try to desensitize my body from the differentallergies and allergies to the metals. This procedure began to make me drained and very fatigued.  He recommended that I have a GI Stool testdone as I was having GI issues in February 2017, to check for parasites,pathogens, bacterial flora, and fungi/yeasts. The results showed that I had a Bacterial Pathogen called Salmonella,high amounts of normal bacterial flora, called Enterococcus spp. andEscherichia spp., 2 parasites called Dientamoeba fragilis and Endolimax nana, and2 types of fungi/yeasts called Candida spp. and Geotrichum spp.   The doctor recommended that I take Dr Itua Herbal Medicine to get rid of the Candida as that was the main concern at thetime and I did purchase Dr Itua Herbal Medicine and after taking it all as instructed I was totally cured so is a urged form of heart to believe in herbal medicines but yes indeed natural remedies should be recognize around the globe because is the only healing that has no side effect on each every healing, I will recommend anyone here with health challenge to contact Dr Itua Herbal Center on E-Mail  drituaherbalcenter@gmail.com he capable of all kind of disease like Cancer,Hiv,Herpes,Kidney disease,Parkinson,ALS,Copd. with a complete cure without coming back.

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